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Spalding "Red Cover" Series of 

Athletic Handbooks 

No. 37 R 



HOW TO SWIM 

A Practical Manual of Swimming by a 

Practical Swimmer and a Guide 

to the Novice as well as 

the Expert 

Showing the Easiest Methods of Learning to Swim, Dive 

and Float, Various Kinds of Strokes, with Directions 

and Illustrations for Acquiring the Crawl and 

Trudge- Crawl Strokes. Also a Chapter 

on Modern Life-Saving, and One for 

Women and Girl Swimmers. 



By 
JAMES H. STERRETT 

Organizer of the first American swimming c'lub, authority on 
swimming matters, and successful amateur coach. 



REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION 




PUBLISHED BY 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING 
COMPANY 

New York City 




'%^ 



Copyright. 1917 

BY 

American Sports Publishing Company 

New York 



APR 30 1917 

©CIA462176 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



James H. Sterrett 



The author of this little volume originally compiled the 
material at the request of the late James E. Sullivan, with 
whom he was associated in Amateur Athletic Union affairs 
for a great many years and therefore naturally takes a 
more than passing interest in the book. With the great 
advance that has been manifested in swimming, it became 
necessary to make a thorough revision of the entire matter, 
at the same time adding a new chapter in life-saving 
methods which should prove invaluable. 

While the author disclaims any attempt of self-lauda- 
tion, still for the benefit of the many who will read this 
volume and would like to know his capability for assuming 
to teach the modern methods of swimming, the following 
letters, from prominent authorities on the sport, are 
reproduced : 

Jj. deB, Handley, New York Athletic Club. 

"Jim Sterrett may be counted among the pioneers of swimming in 
this country. He was called the 'Father of American Swimming* 
when I entered the field of competition 20 years ago. Sterrett's pro- 
lific pen, too, has done much to spread knowledge of developments. It 
was in one of his books that I read the first technical discussion of 
the principles of aquatic progression ever come to my notice, and his 
numerous articles on all branches of watermanship have ever held 
interest for me." 



Wm. E. Bernard, Jr., Swimming Ooach, Girard College, Philadelphia, 

"Mr. Sterrett is known from coast to coast as an authority on 
swimming, as well as a successful amateur coach. He taught me 
a lot ten years ago, and I am now successfully using his methods 
in teaching boys at Girard College." 



4 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

William G. Friedgen, Philadelphia Turngemeinde. 

"Through the early jears of Mr. Sterrett's connection with the 
Philadelphia Swimming Club, which he organized in 1890, he was the 
guiding spirit of that body of enthusiastic devotees of the sport, always 
having in view the teaching and propagation of the art of natation 
among its members, as well as to assist in similar development in 
other organizations. He lent his aid to the Athletic Club of the 
Schuylkill Navy and the Y.M.C.A., and was one of the original mem- 
bers of the Swimming Committee of the Philadelphia Turngemeinde, 
besides being instrumental in promoting many national and district 
swimming tournaments, thus affording frequent opportunity for com- 
petitions." 



John W. Stevens, Swimming Instructor, First Regiment Pool, Phila- 
delphia. 
"As an expert authority on swimming, James H. Sterrett classes 
among the foremost in the country, and I attribute my success in the 
swimming world, both as a swimmer and a teacher, to him — being a 
pupil of his when a boy, and a close follower of his methods as a 
teacher. He is a never tiring worker in his endeavor to further the 
Interest in swimming and his advice and criticism is always in 
demand." 



P. Vance Veith, Swimming Coach, Los Angeles A.C., California. 

"In my early days of competition, Mr. Sterrett showed me a lot 
about advanced swimming. I remember once how, ia the Central Y.M. 
C.A. of Philadelphia, before I became a professional swimming teacher, 
Jim held himself up by the arms on the iron fence at the side of the 
bath, and demonstrated the crawl kick for me, and then while in the 
water, gave me some pointers which improved my speed over the 100 
yards 10 seconds in two weeks' practice. I use his methods now in 
teaching, and owe much of my success to his precepts and examples." 



Thomas G. WhitaJcer, Coach, Missouri A.C., St. Louis, Mo. 

"Mr. James H. Sterrett can truly be called the Nestor of American 
swimming. Many times when the pastime took a slump, his unselfish 
and disinterested efforts were largely responsible for its rehabilitation, 
and only those who have known the man and come into personal con- 
tact with him, know what he has done for the sport, and what it owes 
him in this country. His kindly manner and encouraging advice has 
helped many youngsters to achieve their ambition in the swimming 
world." 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. g 

Andreto B. Kean, Charter Member P.8.C., Lansdowne, Pa., 

"There are many of our present-day 'crack' swimmers who owe their 
success to Jim Sterrett's coaching. His advice to young swimmers is 
always on tap. He is ever ready and willing to do what he can to 
further the sport, and what he did for swimming in this part of the 
country would fill a volume." 



Prof. Charles Holroyd, Swimming Instructor, Training School, Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 

"Jim Sterrett's work for swimming during the past 25 years has 
done much toward organizing the sport in this country. He has made 
it possible for a number of expert teachers to secure positions, while 
he himself has started many a young lad with the proper stroke, who 
has afterward become a successful racer." 



Charles B. Durborow, America's Long-distance Swimmer, 

"I have had advice from numerous coaches in connection with my 
training for long-distance events, but Mr. Sterrett has been tireless in 
his interest in my swimming and has accompanied me on many of my 
big performances, and has always been a steadfast and dependable 
friend and adviser. I have closely watched his work as a coach of 
speed swimmers, in which line he has been so successful." 



Gordon M. Mullen, Swimming Instructor, Hygeia Baths, Atlantic 

City, N, J. 

"James H. Sterrett, affectionately called 'Papa Jim' by his host of 
friends, is the most liberal swimming philanthropist I ever met, always 
ready to impart his expert knowledge to the 'other fellow.'' He Is 
one of the few of the old school of swimmers who has kept right up to 
date In the art. He taught me to swim all the strokes scientifically, 
and I owe much of my success as a teacher to his helpfulness." 




^ 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 



Swimming a Necessary Part of 
One's Education 



Some years ago it was not so easy to get people interested 
in the art of swimming and to have them realize the neces- 
sity of a knowledge of how to keep the body afloat and to 
propel it through the water by means of the arms and legs, 
in order to be able not only to save one's own life but be 
the means of rendering assistance to others in time of 
danger and accident. Conditions have greatly changed in 
this direction now, and swimming is on a strong wave of 
popularity ; in fact, the great mass of people of the United 
States, both young and old, have taken up this pastime 
with so much vigor and enthusiasm that it will not be long 
ere this country, as in many other things, will lead all the 
nations of the world in its educational interest in spread- 
ing this useful accomplishment, as our competitive swim- 
mers are now leading the world in speed swimming and 
skill in the water. 

That swimming is healthful, splendid for development, 
easily acquired and should be a part of one's education and 
taught in schools as being as necessary as reading, writing, 
and arithmetic, is now generally admitted, and means have 
been provided in nearly all the large cities whereby the 
school children are given the proper facilities, under 
careful and up-to-date instruction, to bring about the 
desired end. 



8 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

The Simple Method 

It is not our purpose in this book to go into any extended 
details or give dry statistics, but to show by simple and 
plain talks on the art and science of swimming and by 
language that is clear and readily understood, with the 
assistance of various pictures, the different positions in the 
water in swimming the breast stroke, the over-arm side 
stroke, the double-over-arm stroke (sometimes called the 
Trudgeon), and the now generally accepted and famous 
"crawl" stroke, as these four movements in the water prac- 
tically complete one's swimming education and make their 
possessor worthy of the title of an expert. 

There has been considerable controversy among expert 
swimmers and teachers as to whether it is best to learn the 
crawl stroke first, or the breast stroke, and various com- 
petitive tests have been made in order to let the exponents 
of each principle prove, if possible, the superiority of one 
method over the other, but no permanent deductions have 
been arrived at ; however, the author, aside from having 
decided opinions himself in this matter, considers that 
where one method has an advantage over the other, both 
have their good points. 

Crawl Teaching Is Quickest 

It is claimed that one can be taught quicker by a sort 
of dog-paddle, sometimes spoken of as the crawl stroke, 
and we will admit this to be so, but those who learn by 
this route are seldom good swimmers until they master the 
other strokes, while the breast stroke as an elementary one, 
although being a little harder to grasp, on account of the 
co-ordination of arms and legs, gives more confidence to 




THE BREAST STROKE. 

Bei^inning and P:nclina- of Stroke. 




THE BREAST STROKE. 

Count of Two, Separating Legs, Toes and Knees Pointiug Out. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 9 

the beginner, and he or she will rapidly advance from this 
point on, and even in the early stages will be able to swim 
farther and with less effort than by the so-called crawl 
method; however, if the beginner can grasp the Trudge- 
crawl at the very start, the result will be much easier and 
the advancement more rapid. 

But, as we will show and explain both methods, the 
reader who does not know how, can choose either one, and 
if he is taught by a professional instructor, or some expert 
amateur coach, it matters not which way he learns, so that 
he accomplishes the first object — to keep the body afloat 
and propel it by means of the arms and legs. 

The very first thing yon want to get in your mind, and 
fasten it there firmly, is the fact that there are only three 
things necessary to become a good swimmer — the proper 
timing of the stroke, or what experts call the alternate 
action or harmony (timing); breathing; and the ability 
to relax; and when you have acquired these things — and 
every one can master them — you will not only be able to 
swim well and without effort, but go indefinite distances 
in the water just as easily as walking on the land, and 
swim as long as your vitality will permit and the lowered 
temperature of the body will allow. 

The Breast Stroke 

And now for the simple lessons, beginning with the 
breast stroke. 

To swim the breast stroke the beginner lies flat on the 
water, being supported by water wings, rubber life pre- 
server, or held up in shallow water by the hand of a friend 
or instructor. The body, except the head and shoulders, is 



10 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

submerged a few inches under the water, the arms and 
legs outstretched in a line with the body, the hands, with 
palms downward, touching. The toes, knees and feet 
should be pointing outward. 

When beginning the stroke it is best to make the move- 
ments with three counts. At "one" the hands are parted, 
describing a semi-circle, and at "two" are brought up under 
the chin, the knees being simultaneously brought up under 
the body, pointing outward, the legs being separated. At 
"three" the hands are shot out in front of the body and 
the legs whipped together, completing the full stroke, the 
body being allowed to float for an instant before again 
beginning the stroke, to get the benefit of the run as well 
as a little rest between strokes. 

At first the pupil may naturally keep the limbs tense in 
going through these movements, and it is this, and holding 
the breath, that tires, and not the muscular movements. 
But you will soon loosen up after gaining a little confi- 
dence and you will find how easy it is to float on and move 
through the water. And now comes that all-important 
part of all swimming — ^breathing. 

Breathing 

Breathing plays the most important part in the art of 
swimming; in fact, no one ever becomes a good swimmer 
unless attention is paid to the matter of breathing, which 
must be done with regularity and precision. This is espe- 
cially necessary when using the advanced or scientific 
strokes and much of the speed and endurance in swim- 
ming depend on a correct performance of this part of the 
work. In breast swimming, the head and face being more 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. U 

above the surface of the water than in the side strokes, 
breathing is usually performed through the nose alone, 
keeping the mouth closed in order not to take in any water. 
But it is not long before those who breathe in this fashion 
find out that the respiration is restricted, irregular and 
jerky, and the swimmer soon gets ^^out of wind" and tires, 
wondering why it is that he can only go such a short dis- 
tance before he is "played out." To nothing else, so much 
as breathing, is due the inability of those who can swim 
to keep up the speed and regularity of movement for an 
indefinite period. 

Annette Kellerman, the wonderful Australian woman 
swimmer, makes the matter of breathing very clear when 
she says, "Take a quick gulp of air through the mouth and 
let it ooze out slowly through the nose." What could be 
more simple in explanation? In swimming you breathe 
entirely different from any other form of exercise, and you 
will never swim well, easily or far, until you breathe as 
described above and in unison with each stroke. It is 
much better to take the quick breath through the mouth 
and then submerge the head and exhale through the nose 
under water, for once you have mastered this you have 
learned the real secret of success in swimming. 

Make the stroke easy, and in proper timing, or co-ordina- 
tion, breathe regularly and with precision on each stroke, 
and, above all, do not keep the limbs stiff or rigid, but 
relax, as swimming is not a matter of strength or force, 
but skill. 

Be patient and persistent and you will soon acquire an 
art you can enjoy, with much physical benefit and great 
pleasure, until extreme old age. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. tS 

The Over-arm Side Stroke 

Having mastered the breast stroke sufficiently to feel 
comfortable in the water, the pupil is now ready to learn 
the more advanced swimming strokes, and the best one to 
take up next is the over-arm side stroke, a method by 
which Joey Nuttall, of England, held all the world's rec- 
ords and won all the championship events from 100 yards 
to one mile, defeating all comers and being unbeatable 
throughout the world for over twenty-one years. 

The over-arm side stroke is still one of the very best 
methods, and is used by many of the world's great swim- 
mers, particularly for long distance swimming, as it is not 
only very easy and comfortable, but requires less exertion 
than any of the other strokes, and one can glide along 
smoothly and at a good pace and keep up the movements 
for an almost indefinite period. 

As in many other things where greater speed is required, 
the over-arm side stroke gives better pace and a longer 
run, because of the fact that the body, being on the side, 
presents less resistance than when on the breast, and, by 
minimizing the negative parts of the stroke, we get a 
maximim amount of positive action, resulting in more 
speed, with no greater effort. 

Breast Stroke Elementary 

The breast stroke is distinctly an elementary stroke, and 
until a swimmer masters the over-arm side or the double 
over-arm strokes he cannot be classed as a first-class per- 
former in the water, as these modern and up-to-date 
methods are now recognized by all first-class swimmers 
throughout the world, both for record-making perform- 



14 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

ances as well as for all-around swimming ability. These 
strokes have been experimented with and brought to a 
state of high proficiency in recent years by expert swim- 
mers, and are practical and useful in all kinds of water 
and under every possible condition, requiring the least 
energy and giving the best results, with little lost motion. 

Before describing the over-arm side stroke, we wish to 
emphasize the fact that the idea is to have a power work- 
ing continuously on the water, for as the over arm is being 
drawn through the water the legs are drawn up and the 
under arm is shot forward, and when the over arm extends 
the legs are brought together, and the body moves through 
the water with a continuous run, and, when the stroke is 
properly timed, or the swimmer acquires the alternative 
action, he glides along quick and fast from the power of 
each stroke, without much loss of pace. It matters not 
which side the swimmer lies on, as the side that comes 
most natural will be found to be the better side, although 
some people, being ambidextrous, can swim as easy on one 
side as the other. 

Right Side for Illustration 

For the purpose of illustrating the lesson, we will 
imagine the swimmer to be on the right side. At the 
start of the stroke and on the count of ''"one" the lower 
arm should be pulled steadily downward toward the hip, 
but keeping it on the inside line of the body, and not 
toward the back, which will keep the swimmer on his side 
much like a cutter or yacht on her keel. The fingers 
ehould be kept closed, with the thumbs touching and form- 
ing a sort of spoon-shape, and used much like an oar in 
the pull through the water. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. IB 

When the under-arm stroke is finished the hand should 
be turned quickly, palm upward, in order to have as little 
resistance as possible, and pushed rapidly forward to the 
point where it began. The over-arm stroke is started as the 
downward part of the under-arm stroke is finished, and 
should begin its downward course about six inches in front 
of the face. The upper arm should be slightly bent to work 
clear of the chest, with the palm and thumb pointing 
downward and euplike, to get the most from the pull. 

The Pull Through 

When the upper arm is about opposite the shoulder in 
its pull through the water the legs should be separated for 
the leg stroke, and they should be in position for giving 
the snappy kick when the hand leaves the water and the 
kick should be completed and legs straightened out before 
the upper arm is ready to begin the next stroke. The legs 
are opened up and brought together simultaneously, the 
upper leg being brought forward, the knee slightly bent, 
and the foot kept in its ordinary position and not allowed 
to hang free, the lower leg being bent backward, with the 
heel toward the thigh and swinging on a hinge (so ta 
speak), so that there is little resistance. Both feet should 
be kept near to the surface of the water, except at the end 
of the stroke, when the right foot dips to come just under 
the left. K^p ^„ tlj^ Sjj^ 

Remember that you must keep on your side like a cutter. 
You must not roll over on your breast, but keep in a 
straight-line position, for, if you turn, or reach too far 
ahead with the upper arm, you will throw yourself out of 
position and lose the easy run. 



16 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 

And, as in all the other strokes, remember about breath- 
ing and relaxing, the great factors in making you swim 
easier, further and better than other swimmers. As the 
under arm is drawn down, take the quick breath or gulp 
of air through the mouth, closing the mouth and exhaling 
through the nose until the completion of the stroke, and 
then begin all over again. You will find that you do not 
have to make any effort to keep your body afloat while on 
the side, therefore you can relax more, and when you get 
the stroke and the breathing and relaxing in harmony, it 
will be dead easy. 

Persist, practice daily and do not get discouraged, for 
all of a sudden it will dawn on you that you have mastered 
the stroke and will soon go through the movements 
intuitively. 

The Double-Over-arm or "Tnidgeon" Stroke 

Once the swimmer has acquired the over-arm side stroke, 
he is not only ready but invariably ambitious to swim the 
double-over-arm stroke, and this desire is but natural, as 
it can be readily seen that the latter method gives an 
opportunity to increase one's speed as well as to get a 
more evenly balanced exercise from this form of stroke; 
and here a word or two about swimming as an exercise 
and for body development is in order, for it can be shown 
that there is probably no other form of exercise that is 
better for a uniform development of the body and which 
brings all the muscles into play, including the heart and 
lungs, than swimming. 

The exercise of swimming has the effect of toning up 
and quickening the whole muscular condition, making the 






1. Position for breathing; 2, Correct position for Crawl, showing arched back ; 
3, Overhand Stroke with Crawl Kick ; 4, Back Overhand Stroke. 
Photos posed by Teddy Cann of the New York Athletic Club and copyrighted by 
American Press Association, N. Y„ 



' 4 


^ _ 


J 




«i^' 




^ 


3 


4 


- -^m^ _^«^._ 



1. Correct position for Swan Dive; 2, Correct stand for Race Start: 3, This 
illustration is only designed to show the Crawl Stroke position of the hands; 4, 
Crawl Stroke (in action) position. 

Photos oosed by Teddy Cann of the New York Athletic Club and copyrighted by 
American Press Association, N. Y. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 17 

moving muscles pliant, responsive, and not bunchy and 
hard, as in the case of some of the heavier athletic and 
gymnastic pastimes. 

The double-over-arm stroke is more frequently referred 
to as the Trudgeon, but nowadays this name is a mis- 
nomer, as the original Trudgeon stroke was so called after 
a man by that name had won an English 100-yard cham- 
pionship, using the double-over-arm, or both arms out of 
the water, but kicking a sort of leg motion like the breast 
stroke action, a style not now approved of by modern 
swimmers, because the scissors kick, as used with this 
stroke, made the same way as in the over-arm side stroke, 
has been found to be better, faster and more graceful in 
action. 

The Stroke for Disttmce Work 

Before describing the movements of the double-over- 
arm stroke, we will here remark that almost all the world's 
records for middle and long-distance swimming have been 
made by this stroke, and some idea of the speed attamed 
can be formed by the following records, all made by 
George Hodgson of Canada, one of the world's greatest dis- 
tance champion swimmers, and the best exponent of this 
method the writer has ever seen: 400 meters, 5 minutes 
24 2-5 seconds; 1,000 meters, 14 minutes 37 seconds; 1,500 
meters, 22 minutes ; 1,600 meters, 23 minutes 28 1-5 sec- 
onds, and one mile, 23 minutes 34 1-2 seconds. And at the 
time the great swimmer made these records at the Olympic 
games in 1912, he defeated all the fastest and best swim- 
mers and record-holders from all parts of the world, some 
of them using the famous crawl stroke, thus proving him- 



18 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

self, as well as the stroke, to be the best in the world at 
that time. 

While it would not be literally correct to call the modern 
Trndgeon stroke a ^'double-over-arm-side stroke/' yet that 
is most nearly what the motions of the double-over-arm 
approach, for you must first swim one part of the stroke 
as a side-stroke movement, and then roll over partly on 
the breast to get your other arm out of the water, thus 
giving you more positive action and greater speed by get- 
ting both arms out, than you would get from the single- 
over-arm, in which one of the arms must be pushed under 
and through the water, with the resistance such negative 
action entails. 

Depends Upon Side 

If you swim on the right side you begin the movements 
of the (Jouble-over-arm stroke by diving into the water, or 
pushing off on jour side from the side or end of the tank, 
or the shore, and, when at full length, with right hand 
under the water and extended beyond the head, and the 
left hand pointing backward, and at the count of "one," 
bring the right hand downward, on the inside line of the 
body, and not behind the back, for this movement will 
keep you on your side like a cutter, while if you pull 
downwards and back of the body, you will be thrown on 
your chest too soon and stop your run. 

At the same time as the right arm is being drawn down-, 
ward, and on the same count of "one," the left arm is 
thrown forward out of and clear of the water, and at the 
count of "two," the left leg is drawn up to meet the left 
arm as it comes down and through the water much like 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRART. 19 

an oar, and at "three" the legs are whipped together and 
rthe body turned partly on the breast and the right arm 
brought out of the water and thrown forward, the body 
rolling to the right side again and repeating the same 
movements. If you swim on the left side, of course you 
must make the movements described to suit the opposite 
arm and legs from those given in the description. 

The Test of Breathing 

And now you are up to the point where it is a real test 
of whether you have mastered the art of breathing, for this 
fetroke requires regular and automatic breathing, with 
proper timing and precision on each stroke, before you will 
be able to swim it easily and as comfortably as the other 
strokes, because you cannot miss a breath or hold your 
breath for any number of strokes, but must take the quick 
gulp of air while on the side as the face is upturned just 
as you draw the right hand down through the water, then 
close your mouth, and exhale slowly through the nose 
while the face is under water, until the stroke is fully 
completed, or, in other words, breathe in harmony and in 
timing with each stroke. 

The double-over-arm, because of the submerging of the 
face on each stroke, and because of the forced regularity 
of breathing, and no effort being required to keep the 
body afloat, is well adapted for swimming in rough water, 
as the waves will not be so apt to dash in your face and 
mouth at the wrong time, to disconcert you, and interrupt 
the regularity of your breathing. 

Charles B. Durborow, conceded to be the world's greatest 
distance endurance swimmer, uses the double-over-arm 



20 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAET. 

stroke in making all his great long-distance swims, some 
of which have never been made before or since by any other 
swimmer. 

The Crawl Stroke 

The crawl stroke is undoubtedly the greatest stroke that 
has ever been invented or discovered in connection with 
the art of swimming, and until its adoption and subse- 
quent improvement by experimenting with it until it was 
brought up to a high point of efficiency, the swimmers 
of the world had practically reached their limit of speed 
performances, having perfected the other strokes beyond 
further improvement, and thus it was that they were 
eager to take up the new-found method by which it has 
been discovered that a person can go stilll faster through 
the water. 

And now, before describing the stroke and the action 
of the arms and legs when swimming the crawl, as we 
have done in our previous lessons, we will tell you the 
secret of why this new method is so much faster than the 
others, and the whole thing is a matter of eliminating 
resistance, or minimizing the negative parts of the stroke 
and getting a maximum amount of positive action; or, in 
other words, doing the same thing as has been done in 
many other things to produce greater speed — applying the 
maximum of power while at the same time reducing 
resistance to the minimum. 

The crawl stroke originated in Australia, and Dick 
Cavil, one of the members of that famous family of expert 
swimmers, and one of the best all-around swimmers the 
author has ever seen, told the writer that his brother, 
"Tums,^' in an argument with another swimmer as to 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 21 

their relative ability, said he could tie his feet together 
and then beat the other chap for a length of the pool, and 
when the contest came off he made good his boast. 

"Tums'^ Cavil always argued that the legs were not 
of much use to him in fast swimming, and he believed 
that they hindered other swimmers when going at top 
speed, because in drawing them up and separating them 
they stopped the run on the stroke, and he at once started 
experimenting on this theory, with the result that a new 
stroke was developed and launched on the natatorial world 
and at once became popular, until now it is used by all 
the fast swimmers of the world. 

At the Olympic games in 1912, Hodgson, the Canadian 
swimmer, beat all the fastest swimmers in the world at 
middle distance swimming, using the double-over-arm 
stroke, anc' Duke Kahanamoku, the Hawaiian, beat all the? 
short distance men of the world with the crawl stroke, 
swimming 100 meters (109 1-3 yards) in 61 seconds, and 
since then the big bronze-skin athlete, at his home in 
Honolulu, swam 50 yards in 23 seconds and 100 yards 
in 53 1-5 seconds, which shows how very fast he can go 
through the water with the crawl stroke. 

The Important Point 

The most important thing to remember in swimming 
the crawl stroke is the fact that the body should be kept 
perfectly flat on the water, the face and head partly sub- 
merged, the eyes preferably above the water and looking 
straight ahead. The arms are alternately reached out at a 
comfortable distance in front of the head, and on a direct 
line with the body, not pointing out sideways, but, if any- 



22 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

thing, pointing at the start of the arm stroke more nearly 
to the center line of the body. 

The catch on the water should be taken at the beginning 
©f each arm stroke, using the weight of the shoulders, 
without over-reaching, to get a good leverage on the down- 
ward pull. The arms must be brought straight down, stop- 
ping the pull about on a line parallel with the shoulders, 
and in recovering, describe a long oval, making sure that 
before the power of one hand is fully expended the other 
has taken up the motion, that it may be continuous, for it 
is this regular and steady pull of the arms, and not the 
thrash of the legs, that has the most to do with propelling 
the crawl swimmer through the water. 

Breathing while using this stroke is harder than the 
other strokes, because the swimmer must not roll the body 
out of its straight line; therefore, the head and shoulders 
must be slightly turned in order to get the breath, which 
can be taken after swimming two or three strokes, but 
later on, when one has mastered the movements better, 
breathing should be done on each stroke, exhaling slowly 
under water. 

The Leg Movement 

The legs are moved up and down in a continuous action, 
and not necessarily in co-ordination with the arms, the 
motions being free from the hips and not from the knees, 
keeping the legs straight, without having them bent much 
at the knees (a fault almost all beginners have) and point- 
ing the toes out straight. 

However, after the swimmer has mastered the leg action, 
he can bend slightly at the knees, in order to get the sort 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 23 

of propelling movements necessary to help move the body 
in its steady pace through the water. But remember, the 
legs do not play so large a part in the crawl stroke as the 
arm movements, and are used mostly to keep them afloat 
and accelerate the run, and the fellow who gets it into his 
head that the more work and greater fuss he makes with 
his legs the faster he will go, will soon find that he is 
retarding his movements and not getting the full speed. 

While there are definite and fixed movements for the 
crawl, hardly two swimmers use the stroke exactly alike, 
but all of them must nearly approach the proper position 
in the water, get good balance, breathe regularly and with 
precision on each stroke, and relax more in the crawl than 
any of the other strokes, if a clean, easy movement through 
the water is desired. 

The Recognized Methods of the Crawl Stroke 

There are two methods of swimming the crawl stroke 
that are generally accepted by expert swimmers and master 
coaches, the one being referred to as the straight crawl, 
where the swimmer lies very flat on the water, with but 
very little roll in order to breathe, and uses a six-beat 
kick, which the majority think is the best method for 
sprinting, say, from 50 to 220 yards, and the other being 
called the Trudge-crawl, using a four-beat kick, the under 
leg being used with a short scissor or Trudge kick, and 
the swimmer rolling more than on the straight crawl, and 
the action of legs not being as fast, this latter method 
is considered best for middle and longer distances. 

L. deB. Handley of the New York Athletic Club, a recog- 
nized authority on swimming matters, and a man who has 



24 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

had a lot to do with the coaching of many good amateur 
swimmers, both men and women, and who has spent con- 
siderable time in connection with the study of the crawl 
stroke, has proposed the following suggestion in connec- 
tion with the crawl method, which the author cheerfully 
endorses : 

'^It has been my aim for several years to have universally 
accepted a swimming nomenclature that would be descrip- 
tive, in as much as possible, and I have classified the 
strokes under the styles of: crawl, for a leg thrash of 
even scope; single Trudgeon-crawl, for leg thrash with 
one major and one or more minor kicks, and double 
Trudgeon-crawl, for a thrash with two major kicks (double 
rhythm) or two such kicks and minor ones ; then add two, 
or four, or six-beat, to indicate the number of movements 
per full stroke. That gives to a swimmer a pretty clear 
idea of a man's stroke without further explanation, while 
such names as Australian, American, rotary, etc., mean 
nothing unless every detail is added. 

Swimmers who want to take up a more thorough and 
deeper study of the crawl stroke than given herein, should 
read the "Symposium of the Crawl,'' in "Speed Swim- 
ming,'* No. 36R of Spalding- s Athletic Library, price 25 
cents. 




DUKE P. KAHANAMOKU, 

Honolulu. H. I. ; the Fastest Sprint Swimmer in the World. 




LUDY LANGER, 

Los Angeles Athletic Club. California ; American Champion at 440 
Yards, oW Yards, 880 Yards and One-mile tewims. 




II. J. HEBNER, 
Illinois Athletic Club, Chicago; Back Stroke and All-Around Swimmer. 




GEORGE HODGSON, 

Montreal A. A. O. ; Winner of 40;0 Metei;^^ and 1 50.0 Meters Swims, 

Olympic Games, 1912, in World's Record lime. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRABY. 



Training for Speed Swimming 



There are many and various ways oi training for speed 
swimming, and it would require quite a volume to enu- 
merate them all. Dr. J. K. Shell has prepared for the 
writer a form of training for swimming which not only 
fully meets my approval, but it is so good that it is here- 
with given: 

"In training the only maxim for the successful racer is, 
^Don't do too much.' It is unnecessary to swim every day, 
nor is it useful to go the entire distance at each immersion. 
The aim is to strengthen the muscles, and have the powers 
and functions trained to an excessive expenditure of power 
without any deleterious after effects. The best plan for 
either a one hundred yards or a mile man is to swim three 
days a week at the pace he expects to race, at intermediate 
distances, reserving the entire distances for the same day 
on which the race will take place. The first week of train- 
ing should be given to running, punching the bag, some 
hand ball, dumb bells, Indian clubs, pulley weights and 
general gymnasium work. 

"The second week commences the swimming work — go 
slowly, pay the greatest attention to form, never mind 
speed, but get your action fully automatic and working 
with a conservation of energy. Do half of your distance 
three times this week. 

^'The third week will see you going on with much greater 
speed and easier action, and now commence the regular 
practice of starting and sprinting. 



26 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

^^Starting is but the action of a standing broad jump; 
there should be but one spring, and that made at the report 
of the pistol. Stand in the position taken in jumping, just 
as you are ready to go off. Have the legs bent, the arms 
back, the body leaning forward, and when the word is given 
don't straighten up and then spring, nor swing your arms 
forward and then back and off, nor look at your competi- 
tors, nor pick your course, but spring, and spring with 
power and quickness far out, get the arms in front quick, 
dive shallow, and get a stroke in under water, and be sure 
to have your stroke ready upon reaching the surface. These 
little points come in very important in a hundred yards, 
and in a distance race give you an advantage of many feet 
without any extra exertion; excepting that of thinking in- 
stead of floating. This sprint and start may be practiced 
on the intermediate days of swimming. 

"During the third week increase your distance to three- 
quarters, and endeavor to swim it clear through from start 
to finish, not holding back for the sprint, but depending 
upon your energy and spirit to sprint out the last 150 
yards. The full distance should be swam not later than 
one week before the race, and at very nearly your best 
speed. Three days before the race do at your best speed 
three-fifths of your distance, and rest quietly until the day 
of the race, doing just enough exercise to keep yourself 
pliant. On the day keep cool — don't fret and worry. Don't 
think of a race or racing until you get on your mark, get 
set, and spring — and strike the water and then swim hard 
and steady clear through, and swim fair and true, 

'The swimmer demands plenty of sleep at night, regular 
and methodical. Be in bed each night by 10 :30, and sleep 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 27 

■until morning; do not let anything disturb yon; go to bed 
to sleep, and sleep that sound sleep that swimmers usually 
get. In the morning, take a few quick movements, a 
splash off, a little walk, and a good nutritious breakfast. 
In eating, use fully all seasonable vegetables, and I would 
advise the use of a good modern cook's products — except 
the pastries and highly seasoned dishes. Roasts — beef, 
mutton and game — and broiled steaks, filets and fish, fruit 
and custards, all may be enjoyed. But eat slowly, masti- 
cate well, and have good cheer wait on you. 

*'Have a friend — a trainer, a rubber or a mate — ^with you 
in training, and never omit a good, hard, conscientious rub- 
bing and massaging and kneading of the muscles; let all 
your muscles be pliant during this operation; and finally 
recollect in racing, and in your actions, to be 'always a 
gentleman.' Don't jockey nor scold, nor be profane, but 
swim, and ^may the best man win.' " 

In this connection the writer would call the attention 
of every swimmer — whether he belongs to a college or not — 
to the Official Intercollegiate Swimming Guide, published 
annually in the Spalding Athletic Library series (No. 361, 
price 10 cents) for the Intercollegiate Swimming Associa- 
tion. This book contains not only articles of interest 
concerning the happenings in the collegiate swimming 
world, and records of same, but, each year, in addition, 
contains special articles by leading authorities on some 
important feature of swimming. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Touching and Turning 

Touching and turning is a branch of swimming more 
practiced for racing than for ordinary purposes. There 
are several styles of touching and turning, but I will deal 
with the one most easily mastered, and shall begin by 
advising the learner to practice across the bath, from side 
to side, and not to be in the slightest hurry. Master the 
details of the turn by slow motions, nor need there be any 
desire to lengthen the push until one knows that he is per- 
forming all the motions perfectly. We assume that the 
pupil is lying on the right side. He must, therefore, when 
about three feet from the end of wall of the bath, have 
finished the progressive movements of the left hand, which, 
instead of being put into the water again to renew the 
stroke, must be reached forward in advance of the head 
until it touches the wall immediately above the water mark. 
The palm of the hand is then placed flat against the side of 
the bath, the hand being in a horizontal line, with the 
fingers pointing to the right, which is the direction one 
will turn to. The little finger is uppermost, and the thumb 
downward. This done, the body is close to the side of the 
wall, the knees are now bent, the body turned around by 
pushing with the hand, that is on the solid wall, until the 
feet are pressing on the wall and directly below this hand, 
but, of course, under the surface of the water. The whole 
body is now drawn up or crouched together, and is turned, 
as it were, on its axis. It is under water, head and all. 
The soles of both feet are placed hard against the wall, the 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 29 

hands put together in front of the head, which is kept 
between the arms, and the position of the body and limbs 
should be straight, with the legs crouched up. Then, by a 
strong movement of the legs, the body is pushed off 
from the side as if shot from a catapult and straightened 
out. Its position, when lying on the push, is the same 
as when lying still, in plunging. From nine to fifteen 
feet is the distance generally covered by the push off 
before renewing the stroke. One must be especially care- 
ful to guard against pushing off, even to the smallest 
extent, stronger with one foot than the other, else 
a slip may take place on the smooth tile work, and that 
means a loss of perhaps a yard or two, and, in the case of 
a competition, puts the swimmer off his course, or station, 
and bumping against another swimmer and fouling are 
likely to occur. 



30 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Ornamental Swimming 



If there is any one thing more than another in connec- 
tion with the art of swimming that will show that a person 
has mastered the watery element and is at ease at all times 
in their foster sphere, it is a knowledge of ornamental 
swimming. To be able to successfully and correctly make 
any kind of a dive, to float in various positions at will and 
to perform the multitudinous natatorial feats that are possi- 
ble, is an accomplishment that stamps the performer an 
expert. We will, therefore, suppose that those who are about 
to essay these difficult swimming movements have passed 
the elementary and intermediate stages and have the ability 
to float well. Without a knowledge of floating, or at least 
the ability to control the buoyancy of the body when placed 
in all manner of positions, it will be almost impossible to 
make any success of ornamental swimming. Many of the 
movements that seem remarkable to the uninitiated, how- 
ever, are not really hard at all, but can be accomplished 
with practice, by being persistent and patient until finally 
acquired. 

Among the feats that are at all times interesting 
and those that stamp the swimmer as being clever, are por- 
poise swimming; sculling on the back, using hands only; 
the running header; plunging, feet foremost; the sitting 
jump ; imitation of a torpedo ; the back dive ; revolving ; the 
twister; back somersault; marching on the water; the pro- 
peller, and imitation of a bicycle rider. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 81 



Floating 

Most people can float in salt water, no matter what may 
be their build. In learning, the first movement is to grad- 
ually throw the body on the back, arching the spine, keep- 
ing the chest well inflated, crossing the arms over and back 
on the head, the thumbs locked or fingers touching, 
which latter movement tends to increase the expansion 
of the chest and thus make the body more float- 
able. If the legs are kept straight out and together the 
beginner will find that their weight in this position, in 
most cases, has a tendency to sink the body. This can be 
overcome by drawing up the lower limbs and extending 
them slightly apart and keeping them bent, which will have 
the efliect of more evenly balancing the body, and then, 
later on, when the swimmer masters control of the breath- 
ing, so that the lungs can be kept partly inflated all the 
time, he will find that the legs can be gradually extended 
until they are straight, when the position in the water 
will be more graceful. Because of their lighter bony 
structure and increased tissue, women learn to float 
easier than men, while stout persons, being more float- 
able, master floating quicker than slim people. But the 
latter need not despair of learning, for the best floating and 
the most graceful work I have ever seen of this kind has 
been performed by comparatively slim people, who have 
caught on to the proper equipoise of the body and over- 
come the tendency of the legs to sink. Floating does not 



82 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRART. 

properly belong to the elementary part of swimming, as 
there is considerable skill required and much practice 
needed before those who do not float naturally can accom- 
plish the art; but, as the ability to float means so much in 
ornamental and scientific swimming, the novice is advised 
to learn to float as soon as possible. Double floating is 
much easier than single floating, as each of the two per- 
formers aids the other in supporting the feet and lower 
limbs, the parts that have a tendency to sink. 

At the seashore nothing can be more pleasant than to go 
out beyond the breakers and float on the back and be buoyed 
up and down by the hidden power of the sea, and if one is 
tired from battling with the strong waves, it is only neces- 
sary to turn over on the back, a little farther out, on the 
long swell of the big rollers, and get thoroughly rested 
before coming in again. 



CHARLES B. DURBOROW. 
Of Riverton, N. J. ; the Wovld's Greatest Long-Di stance Endurance 

Swimmer. 




LEO HANDY, 

Brookline (Mass.) High School. Greatest Scholastic Speed Swimmer 

in the World. lOO Yards, 56 2-5s. ; -220 Yards, 2m. 29 3-5s, 

Princeton, A. J., February 12, 1916. 




NORMAN ROSS, 
Stanford University, California; 20 years of agre (1916); 6 feet 1 inch; 
207 pounds. 50 yards, 24 2-5 seconds; 100 yards, 56 seconds; 220 
yards, 2 minutes 21 3-5 seconds; one mile, 23 minutes 22 seconds; 
150 yards on back, 1 minute 56 seconds; plunge, 65 feet. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 83 



Diving 



Shallow Dive 

Diving is a necessary part of a swimmer's knowledge, 
and once the learner has mastered the simple strokes, there 
is but one way to enter the water — ^head first. What is 
known as the low or shallow dive is not only the best for the 
beginner, but is useful when one advances to the racing 
stage in their experience, while being the easiest to learn. 
To make a good dive, stand perfectly erect, with the hands 
first placed at the sides of the body, the position being the 
same as you would assume when making a broad jump. 
Then bend the legs slightly, draw the arms back of the 
body and spring forward, getting the arms in front of the 
head, palms downward, the thumbs touching, entering the 
water with a shallow dive, keeping the feet and legs close 
together, without bending at the knees while entering the 
water. As soon as you make the plunge point the hands 
upward and the body will come to the surface at once, 
inclining always as the hands are pointed; for, if you 
should point the hands downward, then the body would 
descend. To learn to dive, a little confidence is needed 
more than anything else, and after you have made your 
first effort, which, on account of timidity, is usually a little 
awkward, it will be a matter of a short time only when you 
will catch on to the idea, after which you will never think 
of jumping in the water, the pleasure and sensation attend- 
ing a dive always being fascinating. Of course, there ar^ 
other forms of diving, such as the high dive, running 



84 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

header, etc. ; but these can be mastered later on, when the 
pupil has advanced to a higher point in the art, when they 
will be found to be easy of accomplishment, and you will 
be ambitious to excel in all the various ornamental and 
difficult water feats of the expert swimmer. 

Running Header 

Probably the most interesting kind of a dive is known 
as the running header. This kind of a plunge admits of 
considerable artistic execution and finish, and to see a 
good diver run and spring upward and forward into the air 
and then poise and control the body, turning it in such a 
'manner as to enter the water gracefully, keeping all the 
limbs rigid and cutting the water sharply like a knife, 
without making any splash, is a great treat. The running 
header is usually made from a spring-board, extending over 
the water or from the end of the bath. The swimmer takes 
a short run, similar to that taken by a high or broad 
jumper, in order to give sufficient impetus or force to the 
springing or forward movement. Then soaring upward 
and outward he shoots through the air, keeping the body 
straight until the declining turn toward the water is made, 
when a sudden twist of the body is given and the diver 
enters the water in a slanting position, keeping the upper 
and lower limbs straight and close together, the arms 
extended beyond the head, with the palms of the hands or 
fingers touching in a wedge-like manner. 

Back Dive 

The back dive is always an interesting swimming feat. It 
brings into play considerable gymnastic ability, but, on 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 85 

account of the confidence the performer has as. to the cer- 
tainty that the water will not hurt him much, barring a 
slight sting to the flesh, should he come down flat on his 
back, it does not require so much courage, in attempting 
the first trial, as tumbling on land, in which the back dive 
may be in a measure likened. While it is possible to make 
a good back dive from a rigid base, it can be more artis- 
tically made from the springing board. The diver stands 
erect, with his back towards the water. The hands are first 
held down to and close by the side. The person stands on 
the edge of the pool on the diving board, resting on the 
toes alone, the rest of the feet extended over the water. At 
the movement of making the spring, the diver lowers the 
body by bending the knee:, while at the same time he 
extends his arms back of the body and then by a quick 
and sudden movement brings them forward, simultaneously 
with throwing the head back and entering the water very 
much the same as the forward dive. When properly done, 
the back dive is a beautiful method of entering the water. 

Diving Feet Foremost 

To enter the water, diving feet foremost, is a difficult 
thing to do, but when such a plunge is nicely made it 
usually comes in for a good share of merited approval. 
Most of the ornamental and difficult swimming movements 
are usually performed in tanks or at swimming gatherings, 
where there is an audience, and the spectators, who know 
very little about scientific strokes, are interested, amused 
and entertained by these other performances, among which 
none ranks higher than plunging feet foremost. As in 



86 SPALDING'S ATHLBTIO LIBRARY. 

other forms of diving and plunging, the swimmer stands 
on the edge of the pool or starting station, and, taking the 
usual breath, leaps outward, feet foremost, much like jump- 
ing in the water, throwing the arms behind and over the 
head and entering the water feet first, instead of head 
first. The body must be well thrown back, and the legs 
straightened and kept perfectly rigid while entering the 
water. One must jump well out and be sure to judge the 
distance safely in order that there be no danger of striking 
the upper part of the body on the ledge of the bath, pier or 
wharf, as the case may be. 

The number of ornamental feats in swimming is almost 
unlimited, according to the ability and ingenuity of the 
performer; but, in addition to the above-described move- 
ments, such figures as porpoise swimming, where the expert 
describes, by going under and over the water, the swimming 
of a porpoise; imitation of a torpedo, the head and body 
being submerged and the feet above the water, the swimmer 
propelling himself with the hands, the feet alone showing 
above the water ; the back and front somersaults, which are 
really swimming gymnastics; sculling on the back, using 
fiset and hands only ; imitation of a bicycle rider, etc., etc., 
all of which can be mastered by a clever swimmer with 
practice. 

The Propeller 

To perform the propelling trick it is necessary that the 
swimmer be able to float well, for by that means the body 
is supported in the water, while the hands, extended beyond 
the head, the back of the hands pointing downwards, propel 
the swimmer, feet foremos.., through the water. Place the 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBKART. 87 

body on or near the surface of the water as possible, lying 
on the back, the feet and legs fully extended and close 
together, the hands beyond the head, also in a straight line. 
Then, by a vigorous sculling movement of the hands against 
the water, the body is sent gradually but steadily forward, 
the quick action of the hiinds against the water having the 
same effect in driving the body forward as the propeller of c. 
boat. Some pretty turning movements like the directing of 
the course of a boat with a rudder can be made by pro- 
pelling with one hand only or each alternately, as the case 
may be, as, by sculling with the right hand, the body will 
glide or take an opposite course, while the left hand move- 
ment will direct to the right. 

Marching on the Water 

Until one sees the swimmer march on the water its title 
is somewhat misleading. It is not a difficult method of 
progression through the water, after one catches on to the 
idea. Place yourself in a floating position, with the arms 
folded across the breast or the hands crossed back of the 
head, with the fingers locked. Then by bending the knees 
and drawing up the legs slowly, one after the other, keep- 
ing the toes pointed straight out in the upward movement, 
so as to have as little resistance as possible against the 
water. Straighten out the limb, turning the toes upward 
toward the knee, making a downward stroke with the leg, 
bringing the calf against the water with pressure enough 
to draw the body along. The upward, or negative move- 
ment, as we said before, must be slowly executed, while the 
downward, or positive movement, should be performed with 



88 SPAIJ)ING'S ATHLETIC LIBRABY. 

some force against the water, the locomotion, feet fore- 
most, the alternate action being the same as in walking. 
As it is not possible to get much power from the positive 
movements, marching on the water is therefore not a 
rapid means of gliding along. 

Swimming on the Back 

SVimming on the back is one of the simplest of the 
natatorial exercises, and one of the easiest methods to 
learn, besides being absolutely necessary in life-saving, as 
well as useful as a means of resting after swimming a 
long while on the breast or side. The movements of the 
legs are very much the same as in the breast stroke, except 
that the knees are kept farther apart. The best way to 
learn to swim on the back is to place yourself in the water 
on the back, the same as you would when floating. This 
position can be easily attained by holding the arms 
straight down close to the sides, the hands pointing toward 
the feet, and by giving a few sculling movements with the 
hands, you will at once get into a good floating position. 
Now slowly open the legs apart, while at the same time 
extending the arms beyond the head and brin^ the legs 
together with a vigorous kick, holding the arms beyond the 
head for an instant until all the momentum from the kick 
is expended. At the second movement the arms are brought 
back to their former position, describing an arc and catch- 
ing the water with the palms of the hands somewhat like 
an oar, which helps to send the swimmer ahead, repeating 
the movements as before. 

When tired, swimming on the back is useful as a means 
of resting the muscles used in the other strokes. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 39 



Long-Distance Endurance Swimming 

American swimmers have made some wonderful strides 
in long-distance swimming and tests of endurance in the 
past few years, until now our records over distance and 
time immersions stand out prominently among the world's 
greatest watermen. 

Over the very long and tiresome routes our swimmers 
use various strokes, some of them relying on the breast 
stroke, others using the over-arm side stroke, but most 
of them stick to the double-over-arm stroke (sometimes 
called the Trudgeon), the latter method affording an oppor- 
tunity for putting more continuous power to the stroke, 
which makes for greater speed ; besides, this method makes 
the swimmer breathe regularly and with precision on each 
stroke and is useful in both rough and smooth water. 

Space will not admit of recounting the numerous per- 
formances made by the various distance swimmers of this 
country, but all the leading record authorities and writers 
on swimming have agreed on Charles B. Durborow of 
Riverton, N. J., the big Philadelphia bank clerk, as the 
foremost long-distance and greatest mileage swimmer in 
the world. 

Durborow is thirty-four years old (1916) ; weight, 210 
pounds; height, 6 feet; swims the double-over-arm stroke, 
and has been swimming since 1907. He swims about 
600 miles a year, and has covered over 5,000 miles in ten 
years. In his training, particularly before he begins his 
very long swims, he does a lot of rowing over long routes. 



40 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

and generally rows about 2,000 miles a year. He is the 
only swimmer who has ultimately conquered every swim 
he ever tried. He never takes any nourishment during 
a swim, and is always at his work the next day after a 
big feat, none the worse for wear. 

Among the hundreds of big swims made by Durborow, 
the following record of ten of his greatest performances, 
some of which have never been equalled by another swim- 
mer, stamp him as the leading distance swimmer in the 
world: 

Thirty-four miles. 12 hours aad 44 minutes, from Arch Street wharf, 
Philadelphia, to one mile below Market Street wharf, Chester, and 
return to Washington Avenue wharf, Philadelphia, Delaware River, 
July 10, 1910. 

Ten miles, 7 hours and 59- minutes, from Flat Rock Dam to Con- 
shohocken and return. Schuylkill River, July 24, 1910. 

Twelve miles, 5 hours and 53 minutes, from the million-dollar pier, 
Atlantic City, N. J., across the mouth of Great Egg Harbor Bay, over 
the bar to the beach, at Tenth Street, Ocean City, N. J., in Atlantic 
Ocean, June 25, 1911. 

Forty-two and forty-three-one-hundredths miles, 14 hours, 15 min- 
utes and 31 seconds, from Cape May, N. J., across the mouth of Dela- 
ware Bay to Broadkill Shoals. Delaware, Atlantic Ocean and Dela- 
ware Bay, July 1, 1912. 

Thirteen miles, 8 hours, 12 minutes and 13 seconds, from the 
Charlestown Bridge to Boston Light, Boston Harbor, July 27, 1913. 

Thirty-two and one-half miles, 12 hours and 52 minutes, from 
Walnut Street, Philadelphia, to one-eighth of a mile below Market 
Street Chester, Pa., and return to Washington Avenue, Philadelphia, 
Delaware River, June 27, 1914. 

Twenty-two miles. 8 hours and 46 minutes, from the Battery, New 
York City, to Sandy Hook Beacon, Sandy Hook, N. J., New York 
Harbor, July 19, 1914. 

Twenty-six miles, 9 hours and 8 minutes, from Riverton, N. J., to 
Bristol, Pa., and return to Riverton, N. J., upper Delaware River, 
May 28, 1916. 

Twenty-two miles, 8 hours and 42 minutes, from Cape Charles. Va., 
across the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Cape Henry, Va., Atlantic 
Ocean (swam outside the capes), June 23-24, 1916. 

Thirty-six and one-half miles, 13 hours and SO minutes, from 
Market Street. Chester, Pa., to Penn Treaty Park, Philadelphia, and 
return to Market Street, Chester, Pa., and then on the third tide to 
Eddystone, Pa.„ Delaware River, September 9-10, 1916. 




()L(;a dorfxkr. 

Philadelphia Turngemeinde ; Ameiiean Champion Sprint Swimmer and 
Record-holder. 




CLAIRE GALLIGAN. 

New Rochelle. N. Y. : American Champion Middle -Distance Swimmer 

and Record-holder. 




1, Gortrude Artelt, P. T. G. ; 2. Helen Peuncpacker. P. T. G.. Middle 
Atlantic chamnion diver ; 3. Elizabeth Becker. P. T. G. ; 4, Josephine 
Bartlett. Metropolitan champion diver. 

A QUARTETTE OF PAST GIRL SWIMMERS AND DIVERS. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 41 



Women and Girl Swimmers 

Probably no other f onn of exercise or competitive sport 
among women and girls has advanced so rapidly in the 
•United States as that of swimming, and with the recogni- 
tion of women swimmers by registration in the Amateur 
Athletic Union, contests and championship events have 
been held in various cities throughout the United States, 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with the result that our 
women swimmers are rapidly coming to the front in speed 
swimming, and their records at various distances are very 
close to the best world's marks for those of their sex. 

Women make better swimmers than men, when equally 
skilled in the art, and while they do not quite approach 
the speed times of the men, because of the difference in 
muscular strength and power, they are more graceful than 
men in the water, practice more frequently, make less 
fuss about it, and get a lot of physical benefit from their 
favorite pastime. 

A woman, being of lighter bony structure, with more 
flesh than a man in proportion to her size and weight, 
and with a different physical formation of body, gets a 
better equipoise in the water, with the result that most 
all women float naturally; in fact, after they learn to 
swim, very few of them have to make any effort to stay 
on top of the water, which gives them a confidence not 
usually seen among men swimmers; and, as nature has 
endowed them with a much better circulation than men. 



42 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

they are able to stay in the water and stand a lower tem- 
perature than the opposite sex without getting chilled. 

Miss Olga Dorfner of the Philadelphia Turngemeinde 
has shown herself to be the fastest short-distance speed 
swimmer in this country in contests up to 220 yards, at 
which distances she has defeated all comers, and she holds 
the American records over these routes. She swims an 
excellent crawl stroke, and the following times, most of 
them American records for women, shows her top class as 
a sprint swimmer: 40 yards, 22 seconds; 50 yards, 29 
seconds; 60 yards, 39 seconds; 80 yards, 53 seconds; 100 
yards, 1 minute 8 4-5 seconds ; 220 yards, 3 minutes 5 1-5 
seconds. 

Miss Claire Galligan, of New Rochelle, is the best mid- 
dle distance swimmer among our girls, having defeated all 
the other aspiring contestants in races over 220 yards. Miss 
Galligan has swam 100 yards in 1 minute 9 seconds; 220 
yards in 3 minutes 4 1-5 seconds ; 440 yards in 7 minutes 
6 3-5 seconds ; half mile in 15 minutes 15 2-5 seconds, and 
one mile in 31 minutes 19 3-5 seconds. She uses a four- 
beat Trudgeon-crawl stroke, and is almost certain to break 
many more women's swimming records, as she is increas- 
ing in speed all the time. 

Gertrude Artelt, Philadelphia Turngemeinde, is coming 
on fast at sprint swimming, having now a record of 1 min- 
ute 13 2-5 seconds for 100 yards, while her team-mate, 
Elizabeth Becker, from the same organization, has covered 
220 yards in a race in 3 minutes 13 1-5 seconds, with very 
fast times for the shorter distances. 

Bessie Ryan of the First Regiment Swimming Pool, 
Philadelphia, is a coming fast swimmer who invariably 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 43 

wins a prize every time she competes. Her 100 yards 
time is 1 minutes 15 seconds, her 220 yards 3 painutes 35 
seconds, and all this in her first year of competition. 

Florence ]\IcLanghlin of the First Regiment Swimming 
Pool, Philadelphia, was the most remarkable juvenile 
swimmer and diver in this country and her many records 
and prizes over all distances stamp her as a great 
swimmer. 

Miss Anna C. Kean of Lansdowne, Pa., swam from 
Ocean City to Atlantic City, 12 miles in the sea, August 
21, 1916, in 8 hours and 28 minutes, and on September 
18, 1916, swam 26 miles in the Delaware River in 11 hours 
8 minutes 41 3-5 seconds, this performance being the long- 
est swim ever made by a woman in the world under same 
conditions. 



44 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

Modern Methods of Life-Saving 

It is often remarked by those who have a very limited 
knowledge of swimming matters, that it is the good swim- 
mer who gets drowned. This is a very erroneous impres- 
sion and one that will not bear investigation. 

It is the fellow who thinks he is a good swimmer and 
who usually tries some fool-hardy stunt which he is not 
competent to undertake, who loses his life. Besides, this 
sort of chap may be a fair swimmer, but he does not get 
any practice, and probably overeats before going into the 
water, and goes far out beyond his depth, forgetting that 
he has to come back again, and when his muscles and 
wind, which are not accustomed to the extra tax, give out, 
loses his head, gulps a big shipment of water, and then the 
excitement strangles him and brings on heart-failure and 
he is gone for good. He is not literally drowned, he is 
shocked to death, for I mean to say it, and most medical 
men and other experts competent to judge will bear out my 
statement when I tell you that there are very few people 
drowned in the water, and that most of the deaths occur 
from heart-failure, as I have stated above, while the fact 
that many of the drowning cases in the surf are found 
floating face down, show that the shock has closed up the 
epiglottis, and no water has penetrated the stomach or 
lungs. 

But until everyone who attends school is taught to swim 
and be competent to take care of themselves in the water 
under all conditions, life-saving must be part of the educa- 
tional work of swimming, in fact, made a strong feature of 




LIFE-SAVING — ^FRONT STRANGDE HOLD, HELD AT DISTANCE. 




LIFE-SAVING^FRONT STRANGLE HOLD, HELD CLOSE 




LIFE-SAVING— BACK STRANGLE HOLD. 




LIFE-SAVING— PITINOFF CARRY. 




LIFE-SAVING— HEAD AND CHIN CARRY. 




LIFE-SAVING— AILM RESCUE. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 45 

natatorial instruction; therefore, it behooves the skilled 
swimmer to learn the best ways to approach a person in the 
water who may need help, and better still, to know how to 
release one's self from the death-grip of a drowning 
person. 

The chief don't that I would emphasize is that, unless 
you are a good swimmer yourself, and know how to keep 
cool in times of excitement such as when a boat overturns, 
or some one is suddenly precipitated in the water, you 
had better not attempt a rescue, for, while it is very com- 
mendable to be a hero, unless you know what you are about, 
two people will lose their lives instead of one. However, 
if you are cool, and can swim well, to approach a person 
in the right way, break any hold they may take on you, 
and tow them into shore and out of danger, is but a 
simple task, although if you have to go quite a distance, 
it may tire you a lot, but you will have that glorious satis- 
faction of having saved a life of a fellow brother. 

In attempting a rescue, never approach a person from in 
front, if you can possibly avoid it, and you invariably 
can, unless you are in a boat with them and you are 
suddenly thrown in the water, and coming up near some- 
one they may grasp you before you have time to get back 
of them. Always get back of them and then it will be 
easy to grasp them by the various holds that are herein 
described, and by telling them to keep cool, easily tow 
them to shore. 

The most likely grip to be taken by the drowning person 
is for them to grasp you by the wrists, if in front of them. 
This is a very easy hold to break, for, by turning your 
elbows up suddenly and your hands down and outward, 



4t SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

they will have to release because they have no clutch on you 
but the thumb-hold. After effecting the releases, you 
can turn the person around, so you will be back of them 
and then bring them in by the holds here explained and 
illustrated. 

A most dangerous hold is for the person to grasp you 
around the neck with both arms, and clutching you tight, 
draw you very close to them in a strangle-hold. When 
this hold is taken, you must put your right arm under 
their left shoulder, placing your thumb and forefinger 
tightly over their nose and shutting off the wind, while you 
press your left hand against his back, drawing him to you 
and pushing his head back. Be strong and rough about 
it if necessary, as you will not hurt him, and very soon, 
because he cannot get his breath, he will release his hold, 
and then you must turn him around quickly on his back 
and the rest will be easy, especially if you assure him 
that there is no danger if he will not try to struggle. 

Another hold that looks as if it might be very hard to 
break is the back strangle-hold, where the excited one 
grasps you from behind around the neck with both arms. 
You must at once take hold of both of his hands with 
your hands, throw your head back with all the force you 
can, knocking him a hard blow on the nose with the back 
of your head, and then by ducking your head down under 
water, you will be able to get free, but you must keep 
hold of one of his hands in order to turn him around as 
in the other holds, in order not to lose your grip so you 
can tow him to safety. 

Towing the subject to shore, of course, is much easier 
than breaking the holds. One of the very easy methods 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 47 

is to grasp the person by the hair of the head, unless he 
be bald, and as the body is easy to carry this way and 
floats well, you can use both your lower limbs and one 
arm to tow him to shore or to the upturned boat or canoe, 
if the latter is near, for it is not wise to go further than 
necessary, for someone will be very apt to come to your 
assistance if you hold on to the craft, and numerous cases 
are on record of the rescuer becoming exhausted when 
having to carry a person very far. 

If you are swimming with a friend or near another per- 
son who gets tired, it is the easiest thing in the world 
to help him, for all you have to do is to ask him to place 
his forefingers of both hands upon your shoulders, he 
lying on his back, his feet kept close together and between 
your legs, and then you swim the breast stroke, and as 
you have the use of all your limbs, the person will be very 
easy to carry for a long distance, providing you swim easy 
and slowly and do not try to hurry. 

Another method of carrying is by the neck and arm 
hold, where you turn the person on their side, grasping 
them with one arm around and under the neck and over 
their shoulder, to prevent them from struggling, and you 
can then swim on your side, using one arm under water 
and getting a side-stroke kick, having the person entirely 
under your control, in a case where he might be struggling 
to release himself. 

More people's lives are now saved annually than at any 
time before in the world's history, on account of the 
advanced ideas now in vogue in connection with the resusci- 
tation of the apparently drowned, and with the latest and 
best method now used, called the Schaeffer method, it is 



48 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBEAET. 

easier to bring the person who is recovered from the water, 
when not submerged too long, back again to life by pro- 
ducing artificial respiration, and restoring circulation, if 
life is not already extinct. 

As soon as the person's body is recovered, he is placed 
face down on the beach or some flat place, preferably 
with the head at the lowest point, in order that any water 
that may be in the stomach or lungs will be more readily 
gotten out. The face is turned to one side, the tongue 
pulled out and fastened by a rubber band, a string, or held 
out by an assistant, so it will stay out and not fall back 
again into the mouth and close up the passage-way. The 
hands are extended straight out beyond the head. The 
operator kneels down on one knee, grasps the sides of the 
body just below the lower ribs, making pressure steadily and 
firmly inwards and upwards, and releasing suddenly, the 
idea being to make the lungs work something like a rubber 
ball would act after pressure and on sudden release, or in 
other words producing an artificial gasp, for the purpose 
of bringing back respiration, for when this is accomplished, 
the circulation will be restored, and by keeping the patient 
warm and rubbing the limbs you will be able to bring the 
apparently dead back to life. 

The work of the operator must not be too quickly done, 
but timed in keeping with your own or natural breathing, 
and it is better to have another person ready to take up 
the work when you are tired and thus work in relays, per- 
sisting for a long time if necessary, or until medical help 
can he obtained, for as long as there is life in the body, 
even though animation be suspended, there is hope. 



a-aiLjH 



\ 



HIGH DIVE-PLAIN HEADER. 



1 






t 



"^m^l 




^^— «-- --. - .*^ ,._. . i 

Backward header Backward somersault. 

HIGH DIVE. 








HIGH DIVE-ARMSTAND WITH HEADER. 





HIGH DIVE— ARMSTAND WITH OVERBACK. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Competitive Diving 



The illustrations of various styles of diving have been 
taken from the prospectus issued for the benefit of in- 
tending competitors at the last Olympic Games, held at 
Stockholm, Sweden, in 1912. The text for the regula- 
tion of diving contests has been taken bodily from Rule 
55 of the Amateur Athletic Union handbook. 

The Amateur Athletic Union is the governing body of 
amateur athletic sport in the United States and every 
amateur swimmer who expects to enter in races or 
competition of any kind should be registered with his 
local association of the Amateur Athletic Union in 
order to prevent being disqualified. 

Regulations for Diving Competitions 

Instruction to Judges, In making awards for points 
for each dive the judges shall have regard to the 
character of the respective dive to be performed, and 
shall take into consideration: The manner of the dive 
(proper cairiage, confidence and form), the force and 
speed of the dive, the entrance into the water and how 
the run or take-off is performed. When judging the 
carriage the individuality of the diver should be taken 
into consideration. The bearing in the air should be 
natural, easy, supple and graceful. When performing 
plain head dives, the head should be erect, back hollowed, 



60 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY.- 

legs closed with feet turned back, arms supple and fingers 
closed. The start should be made gracefully, with con- 
fidence and in a bold manner ; in running dives the force 
and energy imparted should be considered. The en- 
trance into the water should be made without splashing 
and with good carriage of the body. 

For each dive each judge shall award points accord- 
ing to the following scale: 

Points. 

Unsuccessful attempt 

Bad dive 3 

Fair dive 6 

Good dive 8 

Excellent dive 10 

The judges may mark points and half points between 
those mentioned in the above scale, but 10 shall be the 
highest possible that can be awarded by any judge. 

An unsuccessful attempt is one in which the com- 
petitor has failed to perform the dive nominated. 

In all jackknife dives the competitor should enter the 
water within six feet from the take-off. 

All head dives with arms by sides are ruled out. 

Swallow and all other forms of straight front dives 
are to be considered as plain front dives. 

In all somersaults or jackknife dives with twists, 
the somersaults or jackknives must be completed before 
twisting. 

Under observation of the foregoing conditions and 

instructions in making their respective awards each 

judge shall: 

a. Write down his points for each dive performed by 

each competitor according to the scale of points 

named in point table above. 



SPALDING'S ATECLETIO LIBRARY. 61 

b. The points awarded by him for each voluntary 
dive shall be multipUed by the points allowed for 
the degree of difficulty in each case as specified 
in the following diving tables. 

c. After the total of points for each competitor has 
been found and checked as being correct, each 
judge shall place the competitors in the order in 
which they finish on his diving card. He shall 
give 1, to the diver scoring the greatest number 
of points; 2, to the diver scoring the second greatest 
number of points, etc. If two competitors score 
the same number of points their place numbers 
shall be added and each given one-half. For in- 
stance, if two competitors receive the same num- 
ber of points, which is the second largest on the 
diving card of a judge, their place numbers 2 and 3 
shall be added, and each competitor shall receive 
2J^, and the next following competitor shall re- 
ceive the number 4. The place numbers given 
to the respective competitors by each of the judges 
shall be added together and the competitor showing 
the lowest total of place numbers shall be declared 
the winner. In case of a tie the point totals of all 
the judges shall be added together and the competi- 
tor whose total of points is greatest shall be the 
winner of the tie. 

A list of voluntary dives shall be submitted by each 
competitor to the judges in writing before the beginning 
of the competition. Changes in the list of voluntary 
dives are not permitted. No competitor shall be per- 
mitted to repeat any of his dives. 



62 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

The Referee must ascertain before the beginning of a 
competition that the depth of the water is sufficient to 
insure the safety of the competitors. 

Competitions or exhibitions of diving from a greater 
height than 34 feet are prohibited. 

The conditions of a diving competition, namely, 
height of board, number of voluntary and compulsory 
dives, and the character of the latter, must be stated 
in entry blanks. 

Fancy Diving from the Springboard. The board 
shall have a length of 13 feet and shall be 20 inches wide 
and shall be of the usual elastic character. 

In championship meetings the height of the board 
from the surface of the water shall be not less than 9 
feet 6 inches, nor more than 11 feet. 

The program for championships shall consist of the 
following dives: Running front dive, back dive, running 
forward jackknife, back jackknife and six voluntary 
dives selected from the following table: 

standing. Running. 

I — Backward spring and forward dive (hall twist) ... 1.4 

2 — ^Backward spring and backward dive (full twist) . 2.0 

3 — Forward spring with hall twist and backward dive. 1.5 1.6 

4 — Forward spring with full twist and forward dive . . 1.8 1.8 

5 — Forward somersault 1.5 1.5 

6 — Forward 1 >4 somersault 1.6 1.6 

7 — Backward somersault 1.5 

8 — Backward 1 3^ somersault 2.2 

9 — Forward double somersault 1.9 1.9 

10 — Backward double somersault 1.9 1.9 

11 — Backward spring and forward somersault 1.7 

12 — Backward spring and 1 }4 forward somersault. ... 2.0 

13 — Forward somersault with half twist 1.6 1.6 

14 — Forward 1 }4 somersault with half twist 2.2 2.2 

15 — Forward 2}4 somersault 2.3 2.3 

16 — Flying Dutchman (forward spring with backward 

dive) 1.8 1.9 

17 — Flying Dutchman somersault (forward sprmg with 

backward somersault) 1.7 1.7 

Ig — Flying Dutchman 1 3^ somersault 2.4 2.4 

19 — Flying Dutchman with hall twist 1.7 1.7 

20 — Handstand dive 1.4 

21 — Handstand dive with somersault 1.7 

22 — ^Handspring dive with somersault 1.6 1.6 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. ~ 

Standing. Running. 

23 — ^Jackknife forward 1.5 1.6 

24 — Jackknife backward 1.5 

25 — Jackknife forward with half twist and back dive . , 1.8 1.9 

26 — Jackknife forward with full twist and forward dive 2.2 2.2 
27 — Jackknife backward with half twist and forward 

dive 1.9 

28 — ^Jackknife backward with f lill twist and backward 

dive 2.3 

29 — ^Backward dive 1.5 

In competitions where a lower board is used, the board 
shall be not less than 2 feet 6 inches or more than 4 feet 
from the surface of the water and the voluntary dives 
shall be selected from the following table: 

standing. Running. 

1 — ^Backward spring and forward dive (half twist) . . 1.4 

2 — Backward spring and backward dive (full twist) . 1.9 

3 — Forward spring and backward dive (half twist) . . 1.5 1.6 

4 — Forward spring and forward dive (full twist) .... 1.8 1.8 

5 — Forward somersault 1.5 1.3 

6 — Forward 1 H somersault 1.8 1.7 

7 — Forward double somersault 2.2 1.9 

8 — Backward somersault 1.5 — — 

9 — Backward 1 H somersault 2.2 — — 

10 — ^Backward double somersault 2.2 — — 

11 — Backward spring and forward somersault 1.9 — — 

12 — Flying Dutchman (forward spring and backward 

dive) 1.7 1.8 

13 — Flying Dutchman somersault (forward spring and 

backward somersault) 1.8 1.8 

14— Handstand 1.2 

15 — Jackknife forward 1.4 1.5 

16 — ^Jackknife backward 1.5 — • 

17 — ^Jackknife forward and half twist 1.8 1.9 

18 — Jackknife forward and full twist 2.2 2.2 

19 — Jackknife backward and half twist 1.9 —— 

20 — ^Jackknife backward and full twist 2.2 — ^ 

21 — Backward dive 1.5 — — 

High Diving from a Firm Take-off, For high 
diving competitions from a firm take-off the platforms 
shall be 7 feet wide, fixed, free from spring and placed 
at two heights, the first not less than 14 feet and not more 
than 16 feet and the second not less than 24 feet and 
not more than 27 feet above the surface of the water. 

The program for championships shall consist of two 
compulsory dives from the lower platform, namely, 



64 SPALDING'S ATELLETIO LIBRARY. 

one plain back dive and one backward somersault; and 
two from the high platform, one running plain dive and 
one standing plain dive, and six voluntary dives, to be 
performed from the high platform and to be selected from 

the following table: standing. Running. 

1 — ^Backward spring and forward dive with half twist. 1 . 4 

2 — Forward spring and backward dive with half twist. 1.6 1.7 

3 — Forward spring and forward dive with full twist . . 1.9 1.9 

4 — Backwai'd spring and backward dive with full twist. 2 . 1 

5 — Armstand 1.6 

6 — Armstand and somersault 1.5 — 

7 — Armstand backward fall dive 2.1 

8 — Armstand with double somersault 2,2 — — 

9 — Backw^ard dive 2.1 

10 — ^Backward somersault 1.7 

11 — Forward somersault 2.1 2.1 

12 — Forward 1 H somersault 1.9 1.9 

13 — Forward double somersault 2.2 2.2 

14 — Forward 2 >^ somersault 2.3 2.3 

15 — Backward 1 H somersault 2.4 

16 — Backward double somersault 2.1 

17 — Forward somersault with half twist 2.1 2.1 

18 — Forward 1 }4 somersault with half twist 2.2 2.2 

19 — Backward spring and forward somersault 1.8 

20 — Backward spring and forward 1 3^ somersault 2.0 

21 — Flying Dutchman 2.1 2.2 

22 — Flying Dutchman somersault 1.9 1.9 

23 — Flying Dutchman 1 }4 somersault 2.5 2.5 

24 — Flying Dutchman double somersault 2.3 2.3 

25 — Flying Dutchman with half twist 1.8 1.8 

26 — ^Jackknife forward 1.4 1.4 

27 — Jackknife backward 1.4 

28 — ^Jackknife forward with half twist 1.9 1.9 

29 — Jackknife forward with full twist 2,1 2.1 

30 — Jacklmife backward with half twist 2.0 

31 — Jackknife backward with full twist 2.2 

Plunge for Distance. The maximum height of take-off 
for the plunge for distance shall be limited to eighteen 
inches above the surface of the water. 

A plunge shall be a standing dive, made head first 
from an indicated firm take-off (i. e., diving base), 
free from spring. The body is to be kept motionless — 
face downward — and no progressive action to be im- 
parted to it other than impetus of the dive. 

The plunge shall terminate, if the competitor has not 
already raised his face above the surface of the water, 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 55 

at the expiration of 60 seconds, or such time as may have 
been previously announced by the promoting body. The 
duration of such plunge shall be reckoned from the time 
the competitor dives from the take-off. 

At the finish of any plunge the competitor must leave 
the water as quietly as possible. Anyone disturbing 
the water so as to interfere with the progress of the 
competitor following will be disqualified. 

The distance traversed in a plunge shall be measured 
along a straight line, at right angles to the diving base, 
to a line parallel to the diving base, over the farthest 
point reached by any portion of the competitor's body 
while fulfilling the above conditions. 

In championship or level contests each competitor 
shall be allowed three plunges, and the farthest plunge 
shall win. In handicaps, the number of plunges shall 
be left to the discretion of the promoting club. 

When a competitor touches the side of the tank or 
pool, his distance shall be taken and he shall be compelled 
to stop. 

A line may be made or painted along the bottom of 
the pool or tank to enable the competitors to guide them- 
selves. 

Miscellaneous. A competitor in turning must touch 
the end of the bath or course with one or both hands 
before kicking off. 

Standing upon the bottom in the shallow end of a 
bath during a competition is only allowed for the pur- 
pose of resting. Walking or jumping from the bottom 
in the shallow end of a bath shall not be allowed. 



66 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

The competitor in a handicap race who has the lowest 
handicap shall have the choice of position. 

Where two men are on the same mark they shall draw 
for choice of position. 

In case of a dead heat in a handicap the competitor 
with the lowest handicap shall be declared the winner. 
Where a dead heat occurs between two men on the same 
mark the tie shall be decided by a swim-off on the same 
day, or the one refusing to swim shall be given the next 
lowest prize. 

Choice of position shall be drawn for in races other than 
handicaps. 

When a trophy or prize is given to a club scoring the 
greatest number of points in a meeting, the points shall 
be counted as follows: Points. 

First in swim, plunge or dive 5 

Second in swim, plunge or dive 3 

Third in swim, plunge or dive 1 

First in relay race 10 

Second in relay race 6 

Third in relay race 2 

First in water polo 15 

Second in water polo 9 

Third in water polo 3 



HOW TO SCORE A DIVING COMPETITION. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR SCORE CARDS. 

Blanks for voluntary dives to be supplied by the club 
holding the competition. After fiUing them out and 
signing them, competitors deliver them to the clerk of 
the course. The announcer announces each voluntary 
dive from these blanks when the respective competitor's 
turn comes, and the diving judges must see that the 
dive nominated shall be performed. After the competi- 
tion these blanks are turned over to the diving scorers. 



ff^ 



.^> 



h 



^^v 



HIGH DIVE— FLYING SOMEKSAULT FORWARD. 






\ 



HIGH DIVE-ONE AND A HALF SOMERSAULT FORWARD. 



mSSmk 



\. 



\ 






HIGH DIVE-ARMSTAND WITH SOMERSAULT. 









HIGH DIVE-ONE SOMERSAULT FORWARD- 




■^s^/ 




I 



'J 



HIGH DIVE— BACKWARD SPRING OUTWARD AND TURNING 
INWARD WITH HEADER. 




<% 



i 



r " 



^ 



Backward spring outward and turn- Backward spring outward and turn- 
ing inward with somersault. ing inward with 1^ somersault. 
HIGH DIVE. 



J, 


\ 

\ 


i ... ...... 


\ 

\ 

\ 

s 



HIGH DIVE-ISANDER'S DIVE. 



^ 




*3fii?™,«v 




\ 



J 



HIGH DIVE-MOLLBERG'S DIVE. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

VOLUNTARY DIVES. 



67 





Number 
in Table 


Description. 


Grade of 
Difficulty 


1 


6 


Forward, 1 J^ Somersault, standing 


1 6 








9, 


7 


Backward Somersault 


1 5 








3 


16 


Flying Dutchman, standing 


1 8 








4 


16 


Flying Dutchman, running 


1 9 








5 


8 


Backward. 1 3^ Somersault 


2 2 








6. 


25 


Jackknife, forward, with Half Twist, standing. . 


1.8 




Competitor's Signature 

.... C ] 


^ones. 


O.J 

VOLUNTARY DIVES. 




Niunber 
in Table 


Description 


Grade of 
Difficulty 


1 


15 


2 1^ Forward Somersault, standing 


2 3 








9, 


15 


2 J^ Forward Somersault, running 


2 3 








3 


18 


1^ Flying Dutchman, standing 


2 4 








4 


18 


1 ^ Flying Dutchman, running 


2 4 








5. 


14 


1 }4 Forward Somersault withHalf Twist, standing 


2.2 


6. 


12 


Backward Spring, 1]!^ Forward Somersault 


2.0 




Competitor's Signature 
w ^ 


^mith. 


VOLUNTARY DIVES. 




Number 
in Table 


Description 


Grade of 
Difficulty 


1. 


6 


Forward, 1 H Somersault, standing 


1.6 


2. 


12 


Backward Spring, 1^ Forward Somersault 


2.0 


3 


16 


Flying Dutchman, running 


1 9 








4. 


16 


Flying Dutchman, standing 


1.8 








5. 


4 


Full Twist, forward, nmning 


1.8 








6. 


25 


Jackknife, forward, with Half Twist, standing. . 


1.8 



Competitor's Signature: 

/. Brown. 





/ 



A 




Plain header* 



Falling dive forward. 



SS-v.. 



■-,i^ 




Ordinary header forward (arms 
at sides). 



Screw dive forward with half turn. 



SPRINGBOARD DIVE. 



•^^ 





Screw dive forward with one turn. 



15 





Pike dive forward. Pike dive (arms at 

SPRINGBOARD DIVE. 






»f!S? 



MoUbersr's dive. 





Backward somersault. 



SPRINGBOARD DIVE. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

VOLUNTARY DIVES. 



61 





Number 
in Table 


Description 


Grade of 
Difficulty 


1. 


12 


Backward Spring, 1 J4 Forward Somersault 


2.0 


? 


15 


Forward, 2 3^ Somersault, rimning 


2 3 








3 


18 


1 H Flying Dutchman, standing 


2 4 








4 


8 


Backward, 1 J^ Somersault 


2 2 








5 


4 


Full Twist, forward, rmming 


1 8 








(\ 


4 


Full Twist, forward, standing 


1 8 









Competitor's Signature : 

W. Black. 

SCORE CARD AS FILLED OUT BY JUDGE AND 

DELIVERED TO DIVING SCORERS 

First Column for Each Name Only to be Used by Judge. 



Name 


Jones 


Smith 


Brown 


Black 


1. Compulsory 


7 






9 






8H 






9H 






2. Compulsory 
Dive 


8 






10 






9 






9 






3. Compulsory 


9 






10 






9M 






10 






4. Compulsory 


9 






10 






9y2 






10 






1. Volimtary 
Dwe 


7 






2 






9 






7y, 






2. Voluntary 
Dive 


9 






3 






7H 






7 






3. Voluntary 
Dive 


8 






1 






10 






5V2 






4. Voluntary 
Dive 


4 













10 






9 






5. Voluntary 
Dive 


1 






6 






6 






8 






6. Voluntary 
Dive 


7 






8 






7J4 






7 






Total 














Place Nmnber. . . 











Checked by 



Judge's Signature: 

J.S.White. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



SCORE CARD AS FILLED OUT BY DIVING SCORERS 
The second column to be used for grade of diflSculty for voluntary dives 
to be left blank for compulsory dives. Last column to be used for result 
of multiplication for voluntary dives, and on line of last compulsory dive 
the total for all compulsory dives to be extended. 



Name 


Jones 


S 


MITH 


Brown 


Black 


1. Compulsory 


7 






9 






8H 






QV^ 






2. Compulsory 
Dive 


8 






10 






9 






9 






3. Compulsory 
Dive 


9 






10 






9H 






10 






4. Compulsory 
Dive 


9 




33.0 


10 




39.0 


9^ 




36.5 


10 




38.5 


1. Voluntary 
Dive 


7 


1.6 


11.2 


2 


2.3 


4.6 


9 


1.6 


14.4 


7H 


2.0 


15.0 


2. Volimtary 
Dive 


9 


1.5 


13.5 


3 


2.3 


6.9 


7M 


2.0 


15.0 


7 


2.3 


16.1 


3. Voluntary 
Dive 


8 


1.8 


14.4 


1 


2.4 


2.4 


10 


1.9 


19.0 


5K 


2.4 


13.2 


4. Volimtary 
Dive 


4 


1.9 


7.6 





2.4 


0.0 


10 


1.8 


18.0 


9 


2.2 


19.8 


5. Volimtary 
Dive 


1 


2.2 


2.2 


6 


2.2 


13.2 


6 


2.2 


13.2 


8 


1.8 


14.4 


6. Volimtary 
Dive 


7 


1.8 


12.6 


8 


2.0 


16.0 


7H 


1.8 


13.5 


7 


1.8 


12.6 


Total 


94.5 


82.1 


129.6 


129.6 


Place Number. 


3 


4 


1^ 


IM 


Checked by McCarthy. 


Judge's Signature: 

/. S. White. 




SUMMARY 


Name 


Jones | 


S 


WITH 


Brown 


Black 


Judge White. 


Points 
94.5 


Place 
3 


Points 
82.1 


i Place 
4 


Points 
129.6 


Place 
IH 


Points 
129.6 


Place 
1>4 


Judge Gbeen. 


97.0 


3 


88.0 


4 


132.4 


1 


128.2 


2 


Judge Rose. . 


99.3 


3 


92.0 


4 


129.2 


2 


131.2 


1 


Total 5 


290.8 


9 


262.1 


12 


391.2 


4J4 


389.0 


4H 


Final placing, 
Average Points 


96.95 


{ 3rd 


87.3' 


7 4th 


130.4 


1st 


129.67 


2nd 



Scorers* Signatures: 

/. JVilson. B. Gordon. J. Van Dyke. 
Brown and Black having the same total of place numbers, the 
total of points decides the competition and Brown wins. 




Pike dive with backward spring and 
turning inward. 





Pike dive with backward spring, turn- Pike dive with backward spring, turn- 
ing inward and somersault. ing inward and VA somersault. 



SPRINGBOARD DIVE. 




4 



Flying somersault forward. 





One and a half somersault. 



One and a half somersault 
(arms at sides). 



SPRINGBOARD DIVE. 






Forward somersault- 




r»^ 



k 




Failing dive backward. Ordinary header backward 

SPRINGBOARD DIVE 



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piece suit. Navy Blue or Black. Buttons 
— -r shoulders. Suit, $4.00i^S/SJffDo3. 
N . 2SL. Women's. Otherwise same 

No. 2S. Suit, $4.00 • J'^J.2ff Dos. 
No. 4R. Fine quality worsted. Made in 

in Navy Blue or plain Black. Buttons 

:rshoulders. Suit,$3.50-^^J'7.Jl?/>^. 
N . 2R. Mercerized cotton, silky finish. 
1 in Black or Navy Blue. Buttons over 

)ulders. Suit, $2.00 * $21.60 Doz. 
No. IR. Men's. Cotton. Plain Black or 
Mavy Blue. Snug fitting. Buttons over 
shoulders. Suit, $1,00 * $10.80 Doz. 
No. IRL. Women's. SameasNo.IR. Sup- 
pliedalsoinGray.Suit.$1.00-^^^.<5'^iy^. 



Spalding One-Piece Bathing Suit* 

No. 50. Sleeveless, cotton. Solid Navy 
Blue. Button at shoulders, . ^\xA^%\SiQ'k$10^S0j:)oZi 

Flannel Bathing Knee Pants 

No. F. Good quality Gray or Navy flannel knee pants; fly 
front; belt loops. Loose fitting and just the thing for those 
who dishke bathing tights. Dry quickly. 

Pair,, $2.75 * $29. 70 Doz.- 

Spalding Worsted Bathing Trunks 
No. 2. Cut worsted, in Navy, and 
Black. . Pair, i\.SQ iif$16.20Dd2. 

Cotton Bathing Trunks 
No. 601. Navy Blue; Red or White 
"Oil, stripes.. .Pair. 60c • ^^.-/.SZ^c;- 

No." g02. Solid Navy Blue. Pair, 50c if $5.40 Doz. 
No. 603. Fancy stripes. . '' i59^ic 3.7S 

Spalding Bathing Slippers 

No.FL. Extrahighcut; bestqualitycanvasshoes, 
with special leather soles which will not 
harden. . ... . .'_._ ... , _ Pair. $1 

No. RS. Rubber sole; white 

canvas tops. . . . Pair. 75c. 

Pat. Applied For 

Th» price* printed in italics'oppo»it« items marked with ♦ vnit be 

Jiueted only on orders for one-half dozen or more at one time Quan- 

titu pricei NOT allowed on items NOT marked vnth it 



QUALITY 








Spalding Water PoTo Balls 

No. LC. Special leather cover water 
polo ball. This style is used in 
games under official rules. Ea., $6.00 
No. I. White rubber fabric. Inflated, 
with key. Regulation size. Ea., $2.25 

Official Water Polo Goal Nets 
Made in accordance with official 
rules Pair, $10.00 ^''• 

Official Association Water Polo Cap 
No. WFC. Used to distinguish swim- 
mers in match races, and to pick 
out easily players on opposing teams 
in water polo games, the caps being 
made in a variety of colors. 

Each. $1.50 

Water Polo Guide 
No. 129. Directions for playing: 
official rules Each, 10c. 

Bathing and Swimming Caps 

No. SH. Extra heavy pure gum rub- 
ber; large size; furnished in Black, 
Tan or Red. . . « <» Elach, 75c 
No. S. Good 
quality pure 
gum rubber; 
large size; Black, 
Tan or Red. 
No- S Each. 35c 

No. DSC. White duck skull cap. tape 

boiind ; ventilated. . . . Each, 25c No. dsC 

Spalding Bathing Suit Bags 






No. 1. Bag dosed. 
No. 1. Bag, for one suit. Blue 
mackintosh material, water- 
proof; braid bound; glove clasp 
snap fasteners. Handle for 
carryingattop. Supplied in me- 
dium and large sizes. Ea.,7Sc 
No. 2. Bag. for two suits. 
Special design adjustable roll 
effect. Blue mackintosh ma- 
terial, waterproof; braid bound; 
glove clasp snap fasteners. 
Handle at side for carrying. 
Supplied in medium and large 
sizes Each, $1.25 



No. 1. Bag open. 
Note extra inside flap. 





Canvas Bathing Belt 

No.C Made of white canvas, with metal buckle. Cach,60c 

Ayyad's Watej- Wings 
No. 1. Plain white. Ea.. 35c No.^Variegated colors. Ea.,5Q& 



PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDHESSEO TO US 



A. G.SPALDING &. BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



IFOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 
SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 
OF THIS 0001 



l»RICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. 



For Canadian prices see special Canadian Catalogue 



FOR OUR CUSTOMERS 

THIS ORDER BLANK 

IS FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE 

YOU PURCHASED THIS BOOK AT 



We also sell a complete line of Spalding 
Athletic Goods as well as all the 
books of the Spalding Athletic Library. 

CONSULT THE FULL LIST 

FOR OTHER BOOKS ON ATHLETICS 



When ordering Athletic Goods use this 
sheet. Simply tear it out along dotted 
line, fill in your wants on the reverse 
side, and mail it with the price as noted. 

SEE THE OTHER SIDE 



Gentlemen : 



Enclosed please find $. 



for which sen 


d me the articles listed below: 




List 
Number 


Quantity 


Description of Article 


Price 




1 


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